3D printing in construction (3DPC) offers a potential solution to the dual challenge of meeting global housing demand while reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry. However, the sustainability of this technology depends critically on the choice of materials. This research provides a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) of three major material archetypes: cement-bonded concrete, locally sourced raw earth, and innovative bio-based composites.
Using a cradle-to-practical completion (A1-A5) framework, the study analyzes data from real-world pilot projects to quantify and compare the embodied carbon, energy consumption, and cost-effectiveness of each approach. The analysis reveals significant trade-offs: While 3D printing with concrete is often economically viable, it has a high carbon footprint. Printing with clay offers an ecologically superior alternative with minimal environmental impact but faces challenges with structural stability. Printing with biocomposites is consistent with circular economy goals but requires further validation of its long-term performance and economic viability.
By systematically evaluating these materials, this study provides crucial, evidence-based insights to guide architects, engineers, and policymakers in promoting sustainable design and material innovation within the rapidly evolving field of 3D printing in construction.